Antimicrobial resistance in ocular infection: A review

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat affecting treatment outcomes. The World Health Organization’s Global Action Plan recommends strengthening the evidence base through surveillance programs and research. Comprehensive data on AMR in ocular infections is needed to guide treatment decisions and inform researchers and microbiologists of emerging trends. Common ocular pathogens include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Fluoroquinolone resistance has increased in Asia and North America, while ciprofloxacin resistance has decreased in conjunctivitis and keratitis. Methicillin-resistance and multidrug resistance are emerging, requiring ongoing monitoring. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs play a critical role in reducing AMR threats and improving treatment outcomes.